Abstract: In order to investigate the noise pollution characteristics of natural gas transportation stations and their potential impacts on workers, noise levels and octave-band spectra were measured both inside the station and at its boundary. A 24-hour continuous monitoring campaign was conducted; the influence of variations in gas throughput on noise emission was analyzed; and cumulative noise exposure and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated for day-shift and night-shift workers. Research results show that the equivalent continuous sound pressure level inside the station is higher during daytime than nighttime, and the dominant noise is broadband in nature. Low-frequency noise (16–125 Hz) exhibits poor attenuation over short distances. When pipeline geometry is fixed and flow velocity remains within a certain range, a linear relationship exists between pipeline gas throughput and overall noise level (R² = 0.79). Due to interference from background noise—particularly traffic noise—the measured noise levels at the western and southern boundaries exceed the limits stipulated for Class 2 acoustic environment functional zones in the Emission standard for industrial enterprise boundary noise: GB 12348—2008. For a given noise intensity, DALYs increase with younger worker age or longer duration of employment in each functional area. This study provides a scientific basis for noise pollution prevention and control, occupational noise exposure risk assessment, and work schedule optimization at natural gas transportation stations.