Abstract: When the piston air shaft of subway tunnel in the residential area exhausts outward, strong noise is generated, which has a greater impact on surrounding sensitive buildings. The measured noise on site exceeds the requirements of national standards. In order to effectively control the impact of piston air shaft noise on the surrounding environment, combined with the actual situation of insufficient noise reduction of the existing noise reduction measures for subway, the technical measures reducing piston air shaft noise are theoretically studied based on the acoustic simulation software Comsol and Cadna/A, so as to seek the optimal method to solve the noise reduction problem. Through measurement and simulation, it is shown that after adopting reasonably designed silencers, the noise inside the sensitive building in the residential area can meet the requirements of the standards, which provides technical support and reference for this kind of noise control project.