Abstract: In the process of post casting concrete of prefabricated buildings, there is a problem of mutual combination of different concretes. The bonding quality of concrete joint surface has an important impact on the mechanical performance of bonded concrete structure. In order to study the acoustic characteristics of bonded concrete structures with different bonding qualities, the physical models of six types of bonded concrete structures with different bonding qualities are established by using the finite element method, and the propagation process of ultrasonic wave in the bonded concrete structure model is simulated. By extracting the peak of time-domain signal and integrating the frequency-domain data, the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of various bonded concrete structures with different bonding qualities are compared and analyzed. The results show that the interface reflections of bonded concrete structures with different concrete strength grades are strong, and the greater the difference in strength grades, the stronger the interface reflection. The peak of time domain signal and the frequency domain integration increase with the improvement in bonding interface quality. According to this feature, three kinds of specimens of bonded concrete structure with different roughness are made through experiments, and the oblique measurement method is used to test the specimens. The results show that the higher the interface roughness, the greater the peak of time-domain signal and the frequency-domain integration in the bonded interface area of ultrasonic transmission. The research results can provide a reference and basis for the quality inspection of bonded concrete structure.